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CARBON FIBER

 HISTORY The aerospace industy was among the first to realize the benefits of composite materials. The Voyager, which without refueling in 1986 , was constructed from graphite and aramid-reinforced plastics. INTRODUCTION Airplanes , rockets, and missiles all fly higher, faster, and farther with the help of composites. The major reasons for the use of composite materials in spacecraft applications include weight savings as well as dimensional stability in wide range of temperature variation from -100 to +100. Carbon-epoxy composite laminates can be designed to give zero coefficient of thermal expansion. Although the terms 'carbon' and 'graphite' are used interchangeably. The term carbon is used for any fiber carbonized to 90% or more. Graphite fibers are more accurately defined as fiber that are carbonized around 99%. APPLICATIONS These fibers are used to reinforce polymers in the constuction of strong, rigid, lightweight and highly durable products such as car bodies, b...
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EXTRUDER DIES

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  EXTRUDER DIES Extruder Sheet and Cast Film The convention between cast film and sheet is that film is less than 0.01 inch thick and sheet is more than 0.01 inch thick. The key components in a sheet/film extrusion line are: die, three-roll stack or cooling rolls, puller or nip rolls, and windup or sheet stacking system. The sheet die should uniformly distribute the polymer melt across the  entire die width. This is to provide a uniform melt thickness and polymer flow to the three-roll stack. Die width typically range from approximately 24-120 inches (0.6-3 meters. Cast film/sheet is produced using a multiple roll stack. Depending on the thickness, film is wound in continuous rolls and sheet is cut to length and stacked. The die is designed to fit between the rolls in a three-roll stack and lay the sheet down on the roll. Roll diameters generally range between 8 and 16 inches. Roll stack designs are simple 'up' or 'down' stacks to control the entry and exit angle and th...
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NYLON FIBER

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 INTRODUCTION Nylon is one of the most important polymers that can be formed into sheets, rods, fibers, bristles, tubes, coatings and molding powder. MANUFACTURING Carothers synthesized a salt from extremely pure diamine and diacid reactants. Then he removed the impurities by crystallization of the salt followed by heating to produce a high molecular weight polymer, poly-hexamethylenadipamide . This polymer is called as nylon 6,6 because both reactants have six carbon atoms. This polymer was term as "super polyamide". Nylon 6,6 fiber has application in dress, parachutes, tire cord, carpets, socks, fishing line, bristles for brushes, surgical threads. Chemical formula for Nylon 6,6 Other nylons have also been used in fiber formation such as Nylon-6 . Nylon-6 is polycaprolactum, which has the follwing chemical formula [NH(CH2)5-CO]n
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